The State of Translation Automation 2026Harnesses

Each language has one gender-neutrality strategy, chosen from the options that language offers, and in 40 of the 100 languages it is not to add a gender the source does not specify.

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94 of the 100 instructions forbid a default gender: no masculine and no gendered job title where the source leaves the gender open.

Gender-neutrality strategy by language

LanguageStrategyChosen formOptions in the languageForbids a default gender
Afrikaansneutral rephrasingrephrasing/plural + neutral nouns
  • generic hy
  • hy of sy
  • rephrasing + plural
True
Albanianneutral rephrasingneutral rephrasing
  • masculine default
  • paired forms
  • neutral rephrasing
True
Amharicneutral rephrasingneutral rephrasing
  • masculine default
  • double (slash) forms
  • neutral rephrasing (plural, nominal, infinitive)
True
Arabic (MSA)neutral rephrasingneutral rephrasing
  • masculine default
  • double (slash) forms
  • neutral rephrasing (neutral nouns, impersonal constructions)
True
Armeniandon't add a gender the source does not specifyNo grammatical gender for persons — neutral by default; only avoid gendered termsTrue
Assamesedon't add a gender the source does not specifyNo grammatical gender for persons — neutral by default; only avoid gendered termsTrue
Azerbaijanidon't add a gender the source does not specifyNo grammatical gender for persons — neutral by default; only avoid gendered termsTrue
Basquedon't add a gender the source does not specifyNo grammatical gender for persons in formal register — neutral by default; only avoid gendered termsTrue
Belarusianneutral rephrasingneutral rephrasing + plurals/impersonals
  • generic masculine
  • feminine pairing or slash forms
  • neutral rephrasing
True
Bengalidon't add a gender the source does not specifyNo grammatical gender for persons — neutral by default; only avoid gendered termsTrue
Bosnianneutral rephrasingneutral rephrasing + impersonals
  • generic masculine
  • feminine pairing or slash forms
  • neutral rephrasing
True
Bulgarianneutral rephrasingneutral rephrasing + plurals/impersonals
  • generic masculine
  • feminine pairing or slash forms
  • neutral rephrasing
True
Burmesedon't add a gender the source does not specifyNo grammatical gender for persons — neutral by default; only avoid gendered termsTrue
Catalanneutral rephrasingneutral nouns + rephrasing; doubling only when unavoidable; no glyphs
  • generic masculine
  • paired (doubling)
  • typographic (·,@,x,-e)
  • neutral nouns+rephrasing
True
Cebuanodon't add a gender the source does not specifyNo grammatical gender for persons — neutral by default; only avoid gendered termsTrue
Chinese Simplifiedneutral rephrasingneutral nouns + rephrasing (no forced 他/她)
  • generic 他
  • 他·她 split
  • 'TA'
  • neutral nouns + rephrasing
True
Chinese Traditionalneutral rephrasingneutral nouns + rephrasing (no forced 他/她)
  • generic 他
  • 他·她 split
  • 'TA'
  • neutral nouns + rephrasing
True
Croatianneutral rephrasingneutral nouns + impersonals + recasting; not plurals
  • generic masculine
  • feminine pairing or slash forms
  • plural (masculine by rule)
  • neutral rephrasing
False
Czechneutral rephrasingneutral rephrasing + impersonals
  • generic masculine
  • feminine pairing or slash forms
  • neutral rephrasing
False
Danishneutral rephrasingrephrasing/plural + neutral nouns
  • han/hun split
  • generic han
  • rephrasing (no standard neutral pronoun)
True
Dutchneutral rephrasingneutral nouns + rephrasing
  • generic hij
  • hij of zij
  • neutral nouns + rephrasing
True
Estoniandon't add a gender the source does not specifyNo grammatical gender for persons — neutral by default; only avoid gendered termsTrue
Farsidon't add a gender the source does not specifyNo grammatical gender for persons — neutral by default; only avoid gendered termsTrue
Finnishdon't add a gender the source does not specifyNo grammatical gender for persons — neutral by default; only avoid gendered termsTrue
Frenchneutral rephrasingneutral nouns + rephrasing; doubling only when unavoidable; no glyphs
  • generic masculine
  • paired (doubling)
  • typographic (·,@,x,-e)
  • neutral nouns+rephrasing
True
Frisianneutral rephrasingneutral nouns + rephrasing
  • generic hy
  • hy of sy
  • neutral nouns + rephrasing
True
Galicianneutral rephrasingneutral nouns + rephrasing; doubling only when unavoidable; no glyphs
  • generic masculine
  • paired (doubling)
  • typographic (@,x,-e)
  • neutral nouns+rephrasing
True
Georgiandon't add a gender the source does not specifyNo grammatical gender for persons — neutral by default; only avoid gendered termsTrue
Germanneutral rephrasingNeutralisierung + sparing Doppelnennung; no glyphs
  • generic masculine
  • Doppelnennung
  • Binnen-I
  • Gendersternchen (*)
  • Doppelpunkt (:)
  • Neutralisierung
True
Greekneutral rephrasingneutral rephrasing + neutral nouns
  • generic masculine
  • paired forms
  • neutral rephrasing
True
Gujaratineutral rephrasingneutral nouns + neutral rephrasing
  • masculine default
  • explicit double forms
  • neutral nouns + neutral rephrasing
True
Haitian Creoledon't add a gender the source does not specifyNo grammatical gender for persons — neutral by default; only avoid gendered termsTrue
Hausaneutral rephrasinghonorific-plural + neutral rephrasing
  • masculine default
  • paired forms
  • neutral rephrasing
True
Hebrewneutral rephrasingneutral rephrasing
  • masculine default
  • double (slash) forms
  • neutral rephrasing (impersonal constructions, neutral nouns)
True
Hindineutral rephrasingneutral nouns + neutral rephrasing
  • masculine default
  • explicit double forms
  • honorific-plural/neutral rephrasing
True
Hungariandon't add a gender the source does not specifyNo grammatical gender for persons — neutral by default; only avoid gendered termsTrue
Icelandicneutral rephrasingneutral rephrasing + plurals
  • masculine default
  • paired forms
  • non-standard 'hán'
  • neutral rephrasing
True
Igbodon't add a gender the source does not specifyNo grammatical gender for persons — neutral by default; only avoid gendered termsTrue
Indonesiandon't add a gender the source does not specifyNo grammatical gender for persons — neutral by default; only avoid gendered termsTrue
Irishneutral rephrasingneutral nouns + rephrasing
  • masculine default
  • paired forms
  • neutral nouns + rephrasing
True
Italianneutral rephrasingneutral nouns + rephrasing; doubling only when unavoidable; no glyphs
  • generic masculine
  • paired (doubling)
  • typographic (ə
  • ɜ, @, x, *)
  • neutral nouns+rephrasing
True
Japaneseneutral rephrasingneutral nouns + omission or rephrasing (no forced 彼/彼女)
  • generic 彼/彼女 split
  • neutral role nouns + rephrasing
True
Javanesedon't add a gender the source does not specifyNo grammatical gender for persons — neutral by default; only avoid gendered termsTrue
Kannadaneutral rephrasinghonorific-plural + neutral nouns
  • gendered 3rd-person singular
  • honorific-plural neutral
  • rephrasing
True
Kazakhdon't add a gender the source does not specifyNo grammatical gender for persons — neutral by default; only avoid gendered termsTrue
Khmerdon't add a gender the source does not specifyNo grammatical gender for persons — neutral by default; only avoid gendered termsTrue
Kinyarwandadon't add a gender the source does not specifyNo grammatical gender for persons — neutral by default; only avoid gendered termsTrue
Koreanneutral rephrasingneutral nouns + omission or rephrasing (no forced 그/그녀)
  • generic 그
  • 그녀 split
  • neutral role nouns + rephrasing
True
Kurdish (Kurmanji)neutral rephrasingneutral rephrasing and plurals
  • masculine default
  • paired forms
  • neutral rephrasing/ plurals
True
Kyrgyzdon't add a gender the source does not specifyNo grammatical gender for persons — neutral by default; only avoid gendered termsTrue
Laodon't add a gender the source does not specifyNo grammatical gender for persons — neutral by default; only avoid gendered termsTrue
Latvianneutral rephrasingneutral rephrasing, neutral nouns + impersonals
  • generic masculine
  • paired forms
  • neutral rephrasing/ impersonals
True
Lithuanianneutral rephrasingneutral rephrasing, neutral nouns + impersonals
  • generic masculine
  • paired forms
  • neutral rephrasing/ impersonals
True
Macedonianneutral rephrasingneutral rephrasing + plurals/impersonals
  • generic masculine
  • feminine pairing or slash forms
  • neutral rephrasing
True
Malagasydon't add a gender the source does not specifyNo grammatical gender for persons — neutral by default; only avoid gendered termsTrue
Malaydon't add a gender the source does not specifyNo grammatical gender for persons — neutral by default; only avoid gendered termsTrue
Malayalamneutral rephrasingneutral rephrasing, honorific-plural + neutral nouns
  • gendered 3rd-person singular
  • honorific-plural neutral
  • rephrasing
True
Malteseneutral rephrasingneutral rephrasing
  • masculine default
  • double (slash) forms
  • neutral rephrasing (plural, nominal, infinitive)
True
Marathineutral rephrasingneutral nouns + neutral rephrasing
  • masculine default
  • explicit double forms
  • neutral nouns + neutral rephrasing
True
Mongoliandon't add a gender the source does not specifyNo grammatical gender for persons — neutral by default; only avoid gendered termsTrue
Nepalineutral rephrasinghonorific-plural + neutral rephrasing
  • masculine default
  • explicit double forms
  • honorific-plural + neutral rephrasing
True
Norwegianneutral rephrasingrephrasing/plural + neutral nouns ('hen' optional)
  • han/hun split
  • generic han
  • emerging 'hen'
  • rephrasing
True
Odia (Oriya)don't add a gender the source does not specifyNo grammatical gender for persons — neutral by default; only avoid gendered termsTrue
Pashtoneutral rephrasingneutral rephrasing and recasting + plural/honorific forms
  • masculine default
  • paired forms
  • neutral rephrasing
False
Polishneutral rephrasingneutral rephrasing + impersonals
  • generic masculine
  • feminine pairing or slash forms
  • neutral rephrasing
True
Portuguese (European)neutral rephrasingneutral nouns + rephrasing; doubling only when unavoidable; no glyphs
  • generic masculine
  • paired (doubling)
  • typographic (*,@,x,-e)
  • neutral nouns+rephrasing
True
Punjabineutral rephrasingneutral nouns + neutral rephrasing
  • masculine default
  • explicit double forms
  • neutral nouns + neutral rephrasing
True
Romanianneutral rephrasingneutral nouns + rephrasing; doubling only when unavoidable
  • generic masculine
  • paired (doubling)/ neutral nouns+rephrasing
True
Russianneutral rephrasingneutral rephrasing + plurals/impersonals
  • generic masculine
  • feminine pairing or slash forms
  • neutral rephrasing
True
Scottish Gaelicneutral rephrasingneutral nouns + rephrasing
  • masculine default
  • paired forms
  • neutral nouns + rephrasing
True
Serbianneutral rephrasingneutral rephrasing + impersonals
  • generic masculine
  • feminine pairing or slash forms
  • neutral rephrasing
False
Sesothodon't add a gender the source does not specifyNo grammatical gender for persons — neutral by default; only avoid gendered termsTrue
Shonadon't add a gender the source does not specifyNo grammatical gender for persons — neutral by default; only avoid gendered termsTrue
Sinhalaneutral rephrasingneutral nouns + neutral rephrasing
  • masculine default
  • explicit double forms
  • neutral nouns + neutral rephrasing
True
Slovakneutral rephrasingneutral rephrasing + impersonals
  • generic masculine
  • feminine pairing or slash forms
  • neutral rephrasing
False
Slovenianneutral rephrasingneutral rephrasing + impersonals
  • generic masculine
  • feminine pairing or slash forms
  • neutral rephrasing
False
Somalineutral rephrasingneutral rephrasing + plurals
  • masculine default
  • paired forms
  • neutral rephrasing
True
Spanish (European)neutral rephrasingneutral nouns + rephrasing; doubling only when unavoidable; no glyphs
  • generic masculine
  • paired (doubling)
  • typographic (*,@,x,-e)
  • neutral nouns+rephrasing
True
Sundanesedon't add a gender the source does not specifyNo grammatical gender for persons — neutral by default; only avoid gendered termsTrue
Swahilidon't add a gender the source does not specifyNo grammatical gender for persons — neutral by default; only avoid gendered termsTrue
Swedishneutral rephrasing'hen' for unknown singular + neutral nouns
  • han/hon split
  • generic han
  • neutral 'hen'
  • rephrasing
True
Tagalogdon't add a gender the source does not specifyNo grammatical gender for persons — neutral by default; only avoid gendered termsTrue
Tajikdon't add a gender the source does not specifyNo grammatical gender for persons — neutral by default; only avoid gendered termsTrue
Tamilneutral rephrasinghonorific-plural/singular + neutral nouns and rephrasing
  • gendered 3rd-person singular
  • honorific-plural/singular neutral
  • rephrasing
True
Tatardon't add a gender the source does not specifyNo grammatical gender for persons — neutral by default; only avoid gendered termsTrue
Teluguneutral rephrasingrephrasing, honorific-plural + neutral nouns
  • gendered 3rd-person singular
  • honorific-plural neutral
  • rephrasing
True
Thaineutral rephrasingfirst-person plural (เรา) + neutral ผู้-/นัก- role nouns + omission or rephrasing
  • gendered first-person singular (ผม/ดิฉัน) or particles
  • gendered role nouns
  • neutral rephrasing
True
Turkishdon't add a gender the source does not specifyNo grammatical gender for persons — neutral by default; only avoid gendered termsTrue
Turkmendon't add a gender the source does not specifyNo grammatical gender for persons — neutral by default; only avoid gendered termsTrue
Ukrainianneutral rephrasingneutral rephrasing + plurals/impersonals
  • generic masculine
  • feminine pairing or slash forms
  • neutral rephrasing
True
Urduneutral rephrasingneutral nouns + neutral rephrasing
  • masculine default
  • explicit double forms /neutral nouns + neutral rephrasing
True
Uyghurdon't add a gender the source does not specifyNo grammatical gender for persons — neutral by default; only avoid gendered termsTrue
Uzbekdon't add a gender the source does not specifyNo grammatical gender for persons — neutral by default; only avoid gendered termsTrue
Vietnameseneutral rephrasingneutral role nouns (người-) + first-person plural (chúng tôi) + neutral noun or rephrasing
  • gendered kinship pronouns (anh/chị/ông/bà)
  • gendered titles
  • neutral rephrasing
True
Welshneutral rephrasingneutral nouns + rephrasing
  • masculine default
  • paired forms
  • neutral nouns + rephrasing
True
Wolofdon't add a gender the source does not specifyNo grammatical gender for persons — neutral by default; only avoid gendered termsTrue
Xhosadon't add a gender the source does not specifyNo grammatical gender for persons — neutral by default; only avoid gendered termsTrue
Yiddishneutral rephrasingneutral rephrasing and plurals
  • masculine default
  • paired forms
  • neutral rephrasing
True
Yorubadon't add a gender the source does not specifyNo grammatical gender for persons — neutral by default; only avoid gendered termsTrue
Zuludon't add a gender the source does not specifyNo grammatical gender for persons — neutral by default; only avoid gendered termsTrue

One strategy per language, chosen from what the language offers. For languages without grammatical gender on persons, the requirement is not to add a gender the source does not specify.

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