The State of Translation Automation 2026 · Languages

English to Tajik AI translation quality, cost and speed

What it takes to automate translation from English into Tajik against 10 requirements in three levels: the solutions that meet them, what they cost and how fast they are, from the 2026 benchmark of 57 AI models and MT engines.

How good is AI translation from English to Tajik?

Key findings on English to Tajik translation

  1. 1Near missOn OpenAI GPT-5.6 Sol, the one-step solution meets every Standard requirement in Tajik except general translation quality, with 22.7 weighted errors per 1,000 words, over the bar. The two-step one (translation + post-edit) has 21.1 weighted errors per 1,000 words, still over the bar, and 99.8% of the tags right, below a bar of 100%.See the data →
  2. 2Cost driverOn OpenAI GPT-5.6 Sol, the one-step solution costs $8.42 per million characters, the two-step one (translation + post-edit) $19.91 and the three-step one (translation + LQA + repair) $577. Of these three, only the three-step one meets the Basic requirements in Tajik.See the data →
  3. 3Level step-upThe three-step solutions (translation + LQA + repair) on OpenAI GPT-5.6 Sol and Anthropic Claude Fable 5 meet every Advanced requirement in Tajik without the gender-neutrality agent. So meeting the Advanced requirements costs the same and takes the same time as meeting the Standard ones.See the data →

Find English to Tajik translation solutions for your requirements

Pick a quality level, or your own requirements, bars and constraints, to see the shortlisted solutions that meet them in Tajik, with a column for each requirement you select. Under Optimize for, choose which of them comes first: the one with the fewest total errors, the lowest cost or the shortest time. Click a column heading to sort by it.

The shortlisted solutions on 12 models, with their Intento LQA results. Total errors per 1,000 words add the weighted general translation quality errors (minor 1, major 5, critical 10) to the missed glossary terms, sentences in the wrong register, tag errors and sentences that fail gender neutrality, each counted once. Formatting counts as met or missed and does not add to the total errors. The models that did not make the shortlist have automatic scores only: the shortlist. Inconclusive: the three LQA judges agree on fewer than 90% of the sentences of the solution, so it has no general translation quality result (09-02). Gender neutrality: the Advanced requirements count the two best solutions of the language, with the gender-neutrality agent where they need it. The results of the other solutions are shown for information.

How we measure it: 11-01 · 11-02

Trade-offs in English to Tajik translation

Price vs quality

Three three-step solutions (translation + LQA + repair) meet every Standard requirement in Tajik. Optimizing for quality, cost or latency selects the one on OpenAI GPT-5.6 Sol, with 8.2 total errors per 1,000 words, the lowest cost and the shortest time of the three. Translations from the dearer solution on Anthropic Claude Fable 5 have two major errors and 9.9 weighted errors per 1,000 words, and those from the one on OpenAI GPT-5.6 Sol no major error and 8.2.

Constraints

None of the solutions under $577 per million characters or under 271 seconds per 1,000 words meet even the Basic requirements in Tajik, and that rules out every real-time solution. Of the three three-step solutions (translation + LQA + repair) that meet every Standard requirement, a cost cap of at most $600 per million characters or a time limit under 316 seconds per 1,000 words leaves only the one on OpenAI GPT-5.6 Sol. A cap from $601 to $638 per million characters adds the one on Google Gemini 3.1 Pro Preview.

Level step-up

The Advanced requirements add gender neutrality and leave two of the three solutions. The three-step solutions (translation + LQA + repair) on OpenAI GPT-5.6 Sol and Anthropic Claude Fable 5 meet them without the gender-neutrality agent, so their cost stays at $577 and $639 per million characters. Their time stays at 271 and 319 seconds per 1,000 words, and their errors do not change. The one on Google Gemini 3.1 Pro Preview falls outside the two best solutions, the ones the Advanced requirements count.

English to Tajik translation quality levels

Optimize for
Basic requirements☆☆☆

Tier 2: two or more solutions, none simple

Solutions that meet them
3 (0 one-step)
Simplest solution
three-step
Fewest errors

OpenAI GPT-5.6 Sol
three-step

Total errors per 1,000 words
8.2
Cost per million characters
$577
Seconds per 1,000 words
271
Lowest cost

OpenAI GPT-5.6 Sol
three-step

Total errors per 1,000 words
8.2
Cost per million characters
$577
Seconds per 1,000 words
271
Shortest time

OpenAI GPT-5.6 Sol
three-step

Total errors per 1,000 words
8.2
Cost per million characters
$577
Seconds per 1,000 words
271
Standard requirements☆☆☆

Tier 2: two or more solutions, none simple

Solutions that meet them
3 (0 one-step)
Simplest solution
three-step
Fewest errors

OpenAI GPT-5.6 Sol
three-step

Total errors per 1,000 words
8.2
Cost per million characters
$577
Seconds per 1,000 words
271
Lowest cost

OpenAI GPT-5.6 Sol
three-step

Total errors per 1,000 words
8.2
Cost per million characters
$577
Seconds per 1,000 words
271
Shortest time

OpenAI GPT-5.6 Sol
three-step

Total errors per 1,000 words
8.2
Cost per million characters
$577
Seconds per 1,000 words
271
Advanced requirements☆☆

Tier 2: two or more solutions, none simple

Solutions that meet them
2 (0 one-step)
Simplest solution
three-step
Fewest errors

OpenAI GPT-5.6 Sol
three-step

Total errors per 1,000 words
8.2
Cost per million characters
$577
Seconds per 1,000 words
271
Lowest cost

OpenAI GPT-5.6 Sol
three-step

Total errors per 1,000 words
8.2
Cost per million characters
$577
Seconds per 1,000 words
271
Shortest time

OpenAI GPT-5.6 Sol
three-step

Total errors per 1,000 words
8.2
Cost per million characters
$577
Seconds per 1,000 words
271

Optimize for selects one of the solutions that meet the level: the one with the fewest total errors, the lowest cost or the shortest time. Where no solution meets the level, the card shows the available solution with the fewest total errors and what it misses. Total errors count every requirement with countable errors.

Quality levelTierSolutionsSimplest solutionModelTotal errors per 1,000 wordsCost per million charactersSeconds per 1,000 words
BasicTier 2: two or more solutions, none simple☆☆☆three-stepOpenAI GPT-5.6 Sol8.2$577271
StandardTier 2: two or more solutions, none simple☆☆☆three-stepOpenAI GPT-5.6 Sol8.2$577271
AdvancedTier 2: two or more solutions, none simple☆☆three-stepOpenAI GPT-5.6 Sol8.2$577271

One solution per level: the simplest that meets the level, the cheapest of them where several are equally simple. ★ a one-step solution, ☆ a solution with more steps or the gender-neutrality agent.

Level step-up

All three three-step solutions (translation + LQA + repair) that meet the Basic requirements in Tajik meet the Standard ones too, since their translations also meet tone of voice, tag handling and formatting. The Advanced requirements leave the two on OpenAI GPT-5.6 Sol and Anthropic Claude Fable 5, without the gender-neutrality agent. At all three levels, optimizing for quality, cost or latency selects OpenAI GPT-5.6 Sol.

How we measure it: 11-01 · 11-02 · 08-09

English to Tajik translation cost against errors

Chart data
Cost and weighted errors of the one-step solutions in Tajik
ModelUS dollars per million charactersWeighted errors per 1,000 wordsGroup
OpenAI GPT-4.13.3571.2Misses a Standard requirement
Google Gemini 3.5 Flash4.442.2Misses a Standard requirement
Google Gemini 3.1 Pro Preview5.8929.3Misses a Standard requirement
OpenAI GPT-5.6 Sol8.4222.7Misses a Standard requirement
Anthropic Claude Sonnet 4.69.8382.7Misses a Standard requirement
OpenAI GPT-5.512.3335.6Misses a Standard requirement
Anthropic Claude Opus 4.818.0960Misses a Standard requirement
Google Translation LLM21.3786.4Misses a Standard requirement
Translated Lara 224.99138.4Misses a Standard requirement
DeepL Next Gen27.570.5Misses a Standard requirement
Anthropic Claude Fable 535.824.7Misses a Standard requirement
Price vs quality

Of the one-step solutions in Tajik with a conclusive Intento LQA result, the one on OpenAI GPT-5.6 Sol has the fewest weighted errors, 22.7 per 1,000 words, for $8.42 per million characters. Below that price, their errors rise as prices fall, up to 71.2 weighted errors per 1,000 words on OpenAI GPT-4.1, for $3.35 per million characters. The three-step solution (translation + LQA + repair) on Google Gemini 3.1 Pro Preview costs more than the one on OpenAI GPT-5.6 Sol, with 10.9 weighted errors per 1,000 words against 8.2.

How we measure it: 11-01 · 10-10

English to Tajik translation requirements

Chart data
Errors per 1,000 words of the one-step solutions in Tajik, median, by requirement
RequirementMedian errors per 1,000 words
General translation quality60
Tone of voice0
Tag handling0
Gender neutrality0

The requirements with countable errors. Every solution with its result on each requirement: the explorer.

Bottleneck

General translation quality sets the steps in Tajik. The one-step solutions closest to its bar, on OpenAI GPT-5.6 Sol, Anthropic Claude Fable 5 and Google Gemini 3.1 Pro Preview, have 22.7 to 29.3 weighted errors per 1,000 words. Two-step solutions (translation + post-edit) on them have 21.1 to 24.4 weighted errors per 1,000 words. Three-step solutions (translation + LQA + repair) on them have 8.2 to 10.9, and those on OpenAI GPT-4.1 and Anthropic Claude Sonnet 4.6 stay over the bar, at 44.5 and 30.7 weighted errors per 1,000 words.

How we measure it: 09-09 · 09-10 · 09-11 · 09-12 · 09-18

AI models and MT engines for English to Tajik translation

Chart data
Weighted errors per 1,000 words of the shortlisted one-step solutions in Tajik
ModelWeighted errors per 1,000 words of the shortlisted one-step solutions in TajikClass
Translated Lara 2138.4LLM-based MT engines
Google Translation LLM86.4LLM-based MT engines
Anthropic Claude Sonnet 4.682.7LLMs
OpenAI GPT-4.171.2LLMs
DeepL Next Gen70.5LLM-based MT engines
Anthropic Claude Opus 4.860LLMs
Google Gemini 3.5 Flash42.2LLMs
OpenAI GPT-5.535.6LLMs
Google Gemini 3.1 Pro Preview29.3LLMs
Anthropic Claude Fable 524.7LLMs
OpenAI GPT-5.6 Sol22.7LLMs

No translation into Tajik: AI21 Jamba Large 1.7 (garbage or near-empty, wrong language, wrong script), Cohere Command A Translate (wrong language, wrong script).

How we measure it: 00-04 · 08-15 · 23-01

How we shortlisted English to Tajik translation solutions

Chart data
Scores of the models on MetricX, Tajik
RankModelMetricX (lower is better)83% confidence interval, fromtoStatus
1Google Gemini 3.5 Flash1.341.161.52Shortlisted
2Anthropic Claude Fable 51.421.251.59Shortlisted
3OpenAI GPT-5.6 Sol1.441.251.62Shortlisted
4Google Gemini 3.1 Pro Preview1.491.301.67Shortlisted
5OpenAI GPT-4.11.511.321.70Shortlisted
6xAI Grok 4.20 (non-reasoning)1.531.351.71Shortlisted
7DeepL Next Gen1.531.341.72Shortlisted
8Anthropic Claude Sonnet 4.61.571.391.74Shortlisted
9OpenAI GPT-5.51.601.401.80Shortlisted
10Anthropic Claude Opus 4.81.641.441.84Shortlisted
11z.ai GLM-51.641.461.83Not shortlisted
12DeepSeek V3.21.771.561.98Not shortlisted
13Anthropic Claude Sonnet 51.791.601.98Not shortlisted
14MoonshotAI Kimi K2.51.881.682.07Not shortlisted
15Google Gemma 41.891.682.11Not shortlisted
16Google Translation LLM1.911.522.29Shortlisted
17Translated Lara 22.001.722.28Shortlisted
18Yandex Cloud Translate v22.312.052.57Not shortlisted
19Mistral Large 32.402.152.64Not shortlisted
20Google Cloud Advanced Translation API2.592.093.09Not shortlisted
21MiniMax M2.52.932.653.21Not shortlisted
22Anthropic Claude Haiku 4.52.942.653.24Not shortlisted
23OpenAI gpt-oss-120b3.443.003.89Not shortlisted
24Alibaba Qwen3-235B-A22B3.613.313.92Not shortlisted
25Mistral Medium 3.13.783.464.10Not shortlisted
26SYSTRAN PNMT API4.133.674.58Not shortlisted
27ModernMT Enterprise Edition4.594.075.10Not shortlisted
28Swiss AI Apertus-8B-25097.886.838.92Not shortlisted
ModelSolution complexityMetricX rankMetricXShortlist
Google Gemini 3.5 FlashAdjusted LLM11.34Top 10 by MetricX
Anthropic Claude Fable 5Adjusted LLM21.42Top 10 by MetricX
OpenAI GPT-5.6 SolAdjusted LLM31.44Top 10 by MetricX
Google Gemini 3.1 Pro PreviewAdjusted LLM41.49Top 10 by MetricX
OpenAI GPT-4.1Adjusted LLM51.51Top 10 by MetricX
xAI Grok 4.20 (non-reasoning)Adjusted LLM61.53Top 10 by MetricX
DeepL Next GenOff-the-shelf NMT71.53Top 10 by MetricX
Anthropic Claude Sonnet 4.6Adjusted LLM81.57Top 10 by MetricX
OpenAI GPT-5.5Adjusted LLM91.60Top 10 by MetricX
Anthropic Claude Opus 4.8Adjusted LLM101.64Top 10 by MetricX
z.ai GLM-5Adjusted LLM111.64Not shortlisted
DeepSeek V3.2Adjusted LLM121.77Not shortlisted
Anthropic Claude Sonnet 5Adjusted LLM131.79Not shortlisted
MoonshotAI Kimi K2.5Adjusted LLM141.88Not shortlisted
Google Gemma 4Adjusted LLM151.89Not shortlisted
Google Translation LLMAdjusted NMT161.91Real-time place
Translated Lara 2Adjusted NMT172.00Real-time place
Yandex Cloud Translate v2Off-the-shelf NMT182.31Not shortlisted
Mistral Large 3Adjusted LLM192.40Not shortlisted
Google Cloud Advanced Translation APIOff-the-shelf NMT202.59Not shortlisted
MiniMax M2.5Adjusted LLM212.93Not shortlisted
Anthropic Claude Haiku 4.5Adjusted LLM222.94Not shortlisted
OpenAI gpt-oss-120bAdjusted LLM233.44Not shortlisted
Alibaba Qwen3-235B-A22BAdjusted LLM243.61Not shortlisted
Mistral Medium 3.1Adjusted LLM253.78Not shortlisted
SYSTRAN PNMT APIOff-the-shelf NMT264.13Not shortlisted
ModernMT Enterprise EditionOff-the-shelf NMT274.59Not shortlisted
Swiss AI Apertus-8B-2509Off-the-shelf LLM287.88Not shortlisted
OpenAI GPT-5.6 LunaAdjusted LLM—1.45Same model family as OpenAI GPT-5.6 Sol
OpenAI GPT-5.6 TerraAdjusted LLM—1.54Same model family as OpenAI GPT-5.6 Sol
xAI Grok 4.20 (reasoning)Adjusted LLM—1.65Same model family as xAI Grok 4.20 (non-reasoning)

Every model we got a translation from, as the shortlist compared it: off the shelf, without context in the request, or adjusted, with it. Ranks among 28 models, with each model family counted once, and the top 10 in bold. Lower is better on MetricX. The scores rank models within this language and are not a requirement result.

Metrics vs LQA

MetricX ranks OpenAI GPT-4.1 fifth and OpenAI GPT-5.5 ninth in Tajik. By Intento LQA, the one-step solution on OpenAI GPT-5.5 has 35.6 weighted errors per 1,000 words and the one on OpenAI GPT-4.1 has 71.2. The one on Google Gemini 3.5 Flash, first on MetricX, has 42.2 weighted errors per 1,000 words, against 22.7 for the one on OpenAI GPT-5.6 Sol, third. Nearest the cut in the tail is z.ai GLM-5, 11th on MetricX with a MetricX score of 1.641, against 1.6389 for Anthropic Claude Opus 4.8, the last in the top 10.

How we measure it: 00-08 · 00-09

English to Tajik translation cost

Quality levelCheapest solution that meets every requirement of the levelCost per million characters
BasicOpenAI GPT-5.6 Sol, three-step$577
StandardOpenAI GPT-5.6 Sol, three-step$577
AdvancedOpenAI GPT-5.6 Sol, three-step$577
Chart data
Cost of the shortlisted one-step solutions in Tajik
ModelUS dollars per million charactersClass
xAI Grok 4.20 (non-reasoning)$1.42LLMs
OpenAI GPT-4.1$3.35LLMs
Google Gemini 3.5 Flash$4.4LLMs
Google Gemini 3.1 Pro Preview$5.89LLMs
OpenAI GPT-5.6 Sol$8.42LLMs
Anthropic Claude Sonnet 4.6$9.83LLMs
OpenAI GPT-5.5$12.33LLMs
Anthropic Claude Opus 4.8$18.09LLMs
Google Translation LLM$21.37LLM-based MT engines
Translated Lara 2$24.99LLM-based MT engines
DeepL Next Gen$27.5LLM-based MT engines
Anthropic Claude Fable 5$35.8LLMs
Chart data
Tokens per character of the translation into Tajik, by model
ModelTokens per characterClass
Anthropic Claude Fable 50.592LLMs
Anthropic Claude Opus 4.80.589LLMs
Anthropic Claude Sonnet 50.589LLMs
Anthropic Claude Haiku 4.50.569LLMs
Anthropic Claude Sonnet 4.60.561LLMs
Mistral Medium 3.10.541LLMs
Mistral Large 30.528LLMs
Alibaba Qwen3-235B-A22B0.504Open-weight LLMs
DeepSeek V3.20.474LLMs
z.ai GLM-50.458LLMs
MoonshotAI Kimi K2.50.455LLMs
xAI Grok 4.20 (non-reasoning)0.414LLMs
xAI Grok 4.20 (reasoning)0.414LLMs
MiniMax M2.50.413LLMs
Google Gemma 40.399Open-weight LLMs
Google Gemini 3.1 Pro Preview0.397LLMs
Google Gemini 3.5 Flash0.397LLMs
OpenAI GPT-5.6 Terra0.338LLMs
OpenAI GPT-5.50.336LLMs
OpenAI GPT-5.6 Sol0.336LLMs
OpenAI GPT-4.10.335LLMs
OpenAI GPT-5.6 Luna0.334LLMs
Cost driver

Each step adds to the cost in Tajik. On the three models whose three-step solutions (translation + LQA + repair) meet every Basic requirement, the one-step solutions cost $5.89 to $35.80 per million characters, the two-step ones (translation + post-edit) $19.91 to $80.32 and the three-step ones $577 to $639. The tokenizer of Anthropic Claude Fable 5 produces 0.592 tokens per character of the translation, against 0.336 for OpenAI GPT-5.6 Sol and 0.397 for Google Gemini 3.1 Pro Preview.

How we measure it: 10-01 · 10-03 · 05-02

English to Tajik translation speed

Quality levelFastest solution that meets every requirement of the levelSeconds per 1,000 words
BasicOpenAI GPT-5.6 Sol, three-step271
StandardOpenAI GPT-5.6 Sol, three-step271
AdvancedOpenAI GPT-5.6 Sol, three-step271
Chart data
Time to translate 1,000 words into Tajik, by model
ModelSeconds per 1,000 wordsClass
Google Cloud Advanced Translation API0.1MT engines
ModernMT Enterprise Edition0.3MT engines
DeepL Next Gen0.7LLM-based MT engines
Google Translation LLM0.9LLM-based MT engines
Translated Lara 22.3LLM-based MT engines
SYSTRAN PNMT API3.8MT engines
OpenAI gpt-oss-120b4.2Open-weight LLMs
Yandex Cloud Translate v26.4MT engines
OpenAI GPT-5.6 Luna18LLMs
xAI Grok 4.20 (non-reasoning)22LLMs
Google Gemini 3.5 Flash23LLMs
OpenAI GPT-4.148LLMs
Swiss AI Apertus-8B-250948Open-weight LLMs
OpenAI GPT-5.6 Terra51LLMs
xAI Grok 4.20 (reasoning)62LLMs
DeepSeek V3.263LLMs
MiniMax M2.569LLMs
Anthropic Claude Haiku 4.569LLMs
Mistral Medium 3.170LLMs
OpenAI GPT-5.596LLMs
Mistral Large 399LLMs
Google Gemini 3.1 Pro Preview104LLMs
Anthropic Claude Sonnet 5108LLMs
Anthropic Claude Fable 5118LLMs
OpenAI GPT-5.6 Sol120LLMs
Anthropic Claude Sonnet 4.6124LLMs
Anthropic Claude Opus 4.8143LLMs
Alibaba Qwen3-235B-A22B161Open-weight LLMs
Google Gemma 4177Open-weight LLMs
z.ai GLM-5288LLMs
MoonshotAI Kimi K2.5330LLMs

Real-time models are those the shortlist counts as real-time, under 2 seconds per text across the languages we timed. The chart shows the time of each model into Tajik.

Real-time

The three real-time models on the Tajik shortlist are the LLM-based MT engines DeepL Next Gen, Google Translation LLM and Translated Lara 2. Their translations meet tone of voice and have 70.5 to 138.4 weighted errors per 1,000 words. On OpenAI GPT-5.6 Sol the time grows with the steps: 120 seconds per 1,000 words in one step, 198 in two (translation + post-edit) and 271 in three (translation + LQA + repair). At every level, that three-step solution is the fastest that meets all the requirements.

How we measure it: 12-01 · 12-02 · 12-09

Tone of voice and gender-neutral English to Tajik translation

Tone of voice
Formal register, with Шумо
Gender-neutrality strategy
No grammatical gender for persons — neutral by default; only avoid gendered terms
Default gender
None where the source leaves the gender open
The two best solutionsSolutionSentences about people that are gender-neutralMeets every Advanced requirementCost per million charactersSeconds per 1,000 words
OpenAI GPT-5.6 Solthree-step100%✓$577271
Anthropic Claude Fable 5three-step100%✓$639319
Analysis

For Tajik we check the formal register, with Шумо as the form of address, and translations from every shortlisted one-step solution meet tone of voice. For gender we check that a translation does not add a gender the source does not specify, and we allow no default gender. Tajik has no grammatical gender for persons, so a translation is neutral by default, and we check it for gendered terms. In the translations from the two best solutions, 100% of the sentences about people are gender-neutral.

How we measure it: 02-05 · 02-06 · 08-11 · 09-18

How confident are we in measuring English to Tajik translation quality?

Confidence

For the 12 shortlisted solutions in Tajik, the median share of sentences on which the three LQA judges agree is 94.1%. With agreement that high, the Intento LQA error counts on this page carry weight. The similarity pair of automatic metrics agrees clearly, not at the border of its threshold. With no COMET-Kiwi scores, the shortlist rests on one metric, MetricX, while the weighted errors on this page come from Intento LQA.

How we measure it: 00-07 · 07-05 · 09-02

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